Since its rework, African-American literature has been a wide field for understanding many societal issues related to American society. Among the forerunners of that literature, Langston Hughes is one of those who tackle racial issues related to the Blacks race to which he belongs. In Not Without Laughter (1969), he not only depicts systemic racial exclusion, but he also draws Blacks’ attention on the necessity to acquire real freedom. In the same vein, the current study focuses on the identification of the literary tools he uses in his unique fiction to portray the Black and White communities in XXth century. Between simulation and education, Hughes clearly displays his favorite means for the acquisition of dignity. It also helps understand the origins of a secular race issue which surrounds colored people in the current Amercian society. Keywords : Symbolism, Racial Barriers, Color Line, Education, Freedom